International Journal of Social Science Research and Review

The The Impact of Digital Leadership on Employee Digital Performance in Manufacturing Organizations in Iraq: The Mediating Role of Digital Maturity

2025-06-06T12:37:20+00:00

This study aims to investigate and analyze the impact of both digital leadership and digital maturity on digital performance in the Iraqi industrial sector. This research comes in light of the rapid transformations towards digitization and technological innovation witnessed by industries and organizations worldwide. Drawing on theoretical literature and previous studies, the study seeks to understand the relationship between these three variables in the context of the Iraqi industrial environment. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire was used as the primary tool to collect data from managers working in Iraqi industrial companies. The sample size for the study was 121 managers. The collected data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to examine the impact of digital leadership and digital maturity on the digital performance of these companies. The study results are expected to contribute to providing practical insights on how to enhance the digital performance of Iraqi industrial companies by developing digital leadership practices and raising their levels of digital maturity. Additionally, the study seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities facing Iraqi industrial companies in their journey towards digital transformation and provide practical recommendations for managers and decision-makers on how to adopt effective digitalization strategies in line with the characteristics of the local industrial environment.

Framing Fairness: A Critical Analysis of Colorism in Bangladeshi Media Narratives (2000–2023)

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

Colorism, a deep-rooted societal and cultural issue across South Asian countries, fosters prejudice against individuals with darker skin tones in favor of lighter ones. This study seeks to explore the foundations of cultural racism and trace its historical origins and influence on contemporary Bangladeshi society. Drawing on insights from various researchers, the analysis highlights how color-based discrimination has persisted across civilizations and continues to shape societal attitudes today. In particular, the Bangladeshi media—especially the film industry—emerges as a significant contributor to colorist narratives. Films often portray lighter-skinned individuals in leading or heroic roles while relegating darker-skinned characters to negative or villainous roles. Additionally, cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies play a key role in perpetuating colorism by marketing fairness products, thus capitalizing on insecurities linked to complexion. These industries aggressively advertise skin-lightening products, reinforcing biased beauty standards. Addressing this pervasive issue requires critical attention to media representations and corporate practices, alongside broader societal efforts to dismantle color-based prejudices and foster inclusivity for individuals with darker skin in Bangladesh.

A Qualitative Case Study on the Perceptions of Early Childhood Educators on Parental Participation in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

Parents' participation in their children's education are issues that have been of concern to educational research over time. So are the dimensions of communication and cooperation that develop between the educational organization and the child’s family. Nowadays, the majority of young children are enrolled in a variety of early childhood education and care settings, such as day care centers. Parental participation in these programmes is recognised as an important indicator for the provision of quality services. It is considered that it improves the quality of the structures, the upbringing of children and the learning environment at home overall. Research suggest that high quality early childhood education and care settings has a positive impact on the child's development and attitude towards learning, both in a short and a long term basis. In this paper we explore a single case study of an early years educator through a semi-structured interview. The aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of how an early childhood educator of 0-4 years old views and experience parental involvement in the nursery setting. The findings of this study provide strong evidence that early childhood educator’s attitudes and perceptions towards parental involvement are positive. The early childhood educator’s belief is that a meaningful relationship and collaboration with parents and the early childhood center is important in order to encourage parents to participate in the nursery’s daily routine0. Although they acknowledge that there are barriers that hinder parental participation, they make efforts to overcome the barriers.The necessity of this study is supported by the gaps identified in the review of international and Greek research activity regarding its topic and its usefulness in early childhood education and care, as it provides valuable insights into the type and quality of parental involvement in early childhood and the practices that early childhood educators can enhance.

Identification of Gender Roles and Family Values in Divorce Cases from a Socio-Economic Geography Perspective

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

This study aims to identify gender roles and family values in divorce cases in Minahasa using a socioeconomic geography approach. Through qualitative methods, data were collected from in-depth interviews and observations with former spouses and community leaders. The results showed that the transformation of gender roles, especially the increasing independence of women, has a significant impact on the decision to divorce. Traditional family values that have been upheld are being eroded by economic pressures and social changes, especially in urban areas. In addition, the geographical context influences the dynamics of divorce, with areas of high social mobility showing a greater tendency towards divorce. The findings indicate the need to strengthen premarital education, extended family support, and local culture-based approaches to maintain family resilience. The limitations of this study lie in the narrow scope of the region and do not include quantitative analysis. Further research is recommended using mixed methods and involving more demographic variations. In conclusion, divorce in Minahasa results from complex interactions between social structures, cultural values, and a changing spatial context.

The Adjustment Experiences of Formerly Institutionalized Filipino Young Adults: A Case Study

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

While considerable research has focused on the experiences of street children, limited attention has been given to their lives following their departure from institutional care. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring the post-institutional adjustment experiences of Filipino young adults who were formerly under the custody of social welfare institutions. Utilizing a qualitative, descriptive research design, the study offers a comprehensive account of participants’ lives before, during, and after their stay in institutional care. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with five young adults who had resided in such institutions for a period exceeding three years. Findings indicate that, although participants encountered significant challenges and changes upon reintegration into society, they demonstrated notable resilience and the capacity to adapt to their new environments. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the long-term impact of institutionalization on youth and highlights the need for continued support during their transition to independent living.

Bridging Progress and Parity: A Critical Review of Digital Development and the Global Digital Divide

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

The fast pace of digital development has unleashed unprecedented technological innovations such as the deployment of 5G networks, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), and the widespread adoption of cloud and edge computing. This period of digital development is also accompanied by ongoing and evolving challenges to universal access to technology. This discussion examines the complex interaction between digital development and the digital divide. Here, it not only examines the potential for economic opportunity, increased civic participation, and better access to services but also the adverse effects when technological advancement leaves behind marginalised communities. The study reformulates root concepts of digital inclusion, following the development of the digital divide from inequality in access to physical hardware to complex problems involving digital literacy, affordability, and the quality of connectivity. By bringing together economic theory, ethical argument, and technical analysis, this review analyses empirical research and case studies from the Global South and North. New dimensions emerge from an examination of cutting-edge approaches-comprising inclusive design, adaptive governance, and participatory research techniques-that aim to achieve a balance between innovation and equality. This review demands a two-pronged approach in the form of fast-track digital progress that also addresses, simultaneously and strongly, bridging the digital divides. The report ends with policy implementation advice and a potential research agenda, emphasising the need for long-term research and flexible digital techniques to guarantee that technological advancements have beneficial effects across all areas of society.

Efforts to Prevent Money Laundering in the Form of Binary Options Using Banking Prudential Principles

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

After facing the Covid 19 pandemic, the country of Indonesia has been pushed to improve the economy with various efforts, one of which is by providing convenience in investing. At present, with the support of rapid technological developments, investment activities have emerged with the Binary Option model, where investment activities are online (“call” and “put”). As a result of these developments, there is a problem where investment activities using the Binary Option model are used as a means of money laundering, as in the case of Doni Muhammad Taufik who committed fraud under the guise of binary option Of Quotex platform. Considering that there are no regulations regarding the use of Binary Options yet, so there have been no efforts to take precautions, therefore efforts are needed to prevent money laundering by means of Binary Options. The purpose of this study is to see how Binary Options are regulated in Indonesia and how to prevent money laundering through Binary Options. Normative juridical research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches. From this research it was found that Binary Option regulations did not yet exist because they did not receive permission from Bappepti to operate because they were considered gambling activities under the guidance of investment and trading. Then, as an effort to prevent money laundering through Binary Options, you can establish a special institution regarding the party who became the reporter, where the special institution was created to supervise and monitor activities binary options which do not have permission from Bappepti.

Review of Restorative Justice on Children Which Are Victims of Domestic Violence in the Jurisdiction of the Samarinda City Police Office

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

Children are very vulnerable to becoming victims of criminal acts and because of their incompetence, children are not yet able to determine their destiny properly so they still depend on their parents and need protection. However, it is not uncommon for children to become victims of violence from their biological parents. The issues raised concern the form of legal protection for children who are victims of violence by their parents and the legal consequences for parents who commit violence against their biological children. The type of research used is empirical research. The problem approach used is a qualitative approach using direct research in the field by conducting interviews at the police institution to obtain information so that the data obtained is by expectations. The results of the study indicate that legal protection for children who are victims of violence by their biological parents is provided with medical assistance in the form of examination by a doctor a Visum et Repertum is carried out and the suspect is detained for examination purposes. The legal consequences for the suspect, namely parents who commit violence against their biological children, are subject to a maximum prison sentence of 3 years and 6 months and/or a maximum fine of IDR 72,000,000.00 and the sentence is increased by one-third of the provisions because it was carried out by the biological parents, by Article 80 Paragraph (1) and Paragraph (4) of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. However, in this case example, mediation was carried out in the Samarinda City Police Resort area by resolving the case with Restorative Justice.

Empowering Youth and Children in Ethiopia: A Study of Socio-Economic Challenges Faced by Guji Youth and Children in the Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia, and Their Policy Implications

2025-06-06T16:27:45+00:00

This paper explores the socio-economic challenges faced by Guji youth and children in the Bule Hora district of the West Guji Zone in Southern Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for key informant interviews and focus group discussions (FGD), focusing on individuals with insights into the socio-economic challenges of youth and children in the study area. According to the findings, the primary socio-economic challenges faced by Guji youth and children include unemployment, recurrent droughts, drug addiction, and lack of start-up capital. Currently, both governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are engaged in various development interventions, such as livelihood diversification, income-generating schemes, saving and credit associations, and a revolving fund for youth and children to address these socio-economic challenges. However, the study's findings indicate several obstacles to the effective implementation of these interventions. These include inadequate provision of the youth and children revolving fund, corruption, the widespread aspiration among youth and children to secure paid employment, and irregular funding from donor organizations. The study suggests that expanding livelihood diversification options and loan facilities are essential strategies to improve the socio-economic status of youth and children. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and development organizations, offering practical implications for addressing the socio-economic challenges of youth and children in future development interventions.

Social Workers' Narratives of Experiences and Transformations Through Personal Psychotherapy

2025-06-12T12:34:47+00:00

Psychotherapy constitutes an evidence-based method aimed at promoting psychological well-being, grounded in diverse theoretical frameworks and reliant upon the clinical competencies of the psychotherapist. It represents a dynamic and collaborative process involving the exploration of an individual’s internal experiences and the effective resolution of psychosocial and emotional difficulties. Participation in psychotherapy has been shown to alleviate symptoms of mental disorders, enhance quality of life, and contribute meaningfully to continuous personal growth and development. Social workers, who operate simultaneously as mental health professionals and as individuals facing their own personal challenges, appear to derive substantial benefit from engaging in personal psychotherapy. Their motivations for seeking therapeutic support often encompass the need to manage the emotional toll of their profession, navigate ethical dilemmas, strengthen empathic capacities, pursue personal development, and cultivate a heightened sensitivity to issues of diversity. The present study aims to investigate the impact of personal psychotherapy on social workers, with particular emphasis on its influence on both personal well-being and professional practice. Specifically, it seeks to examine the ways in which therapeutic engagement shapes cognitive and emotional processes, professional competencies, and relational dynamics with service users. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews with nine social workers from diverse occupational contexts, the findings underscore the significance of psychotherapy as a catalyst for professional self-improvement, a preventative measure against occupational burnout, a means of reinforcing professional integrity, and a vital source of personal relief and empowerment.

The Effect of Social Service Accessibility and Health Service Accessibility on Parenting Self-Efficacy of Teenage Mothers

2025-06-15T21:25:27+00:00

Parenting self-efficacy is one of the important aspects of the quality of parenting, especially in teenage mothers who face various socioeconomic challenges. This study aims to analyze the effect of social service accessibility and health service accessibility on parenting self-efficacy in teenage mothers. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method and involved 40 respondents of teenage mothers who had children under five years of age. The results of the analysis showed that both accessibility of social services (P<0.005) and accessibility of health services (P<0.001) separately had a significant effect on parenting self-efficacy. Mothers with low accessibility to social services were 8.67 times more likely to have low parenting self-efficacy, while mothers with low accessibility to health services were 13.81 times more likely to experience the same. These findings indicate the importance of social and health services as part of an inclusive social protection and social development strategy towards strengthening individual and family capacity. Improving access and quality of these services is key in supporting adolescent mothers to carry out their parenting roles more confidently and effectively.

Integrating Spatiality in Urban Facades through the Reuse of Cultural Heritage Elements in Dar es Salaam City Centre

2025-06-15T21:25:27+00:00

Urban Development in Dar es Salaam has abundantly witnessed what is called urban demolition in the city centre. Such development has resulted into gentrification and urban renewal. The development is associating demolition of old buildings with historic characters despite existence of Legislative Acts meant to protect them. This study intends to reveal practicability of integrating elements from architecture of the past to create facades which can conserve the past at the same time accommodate the present. It will thus involve presenting both object and context value and element values. Data collection has been designed to get values which will be employed in the refurbishment of urban facades of objects through either integration or disintegration of historic architectural elements. Analysis of Data in this study has been based on the concept of Occurrence & Frequency. It has been observed that most of the observed objects had similar elements of same contextual settings. Hence, recommended wherever refurbishment of urban facades takes place to include them.

A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Social Resilience Community Scale: Focus on Ageing Populations and Primary Health Care

2025-06-15T21:25:27+00:00

This study aimed to develop and validate the Social Resilience Scale, a tool designed to assess the ability of individuals particularly those with rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension to maintain social and emotional well-being in the face of chronic illness and adversity. Drawing on a comprehensive review of psychological and behavioral resilience literature, the scale was developed as a 25-item self-report instrument, rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with scores ranging from 30 to 180. The study sample comprised 400 participants (200 males, 200 females) aged 65 years and older from Gothenburg, Sweden. Participants were divided into four equal groups: individuals with hypertension, individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, individuals with both conditions, and a healthy control group. Also, demographic variables, including socio-economic status, gender, age, religion, education, and general health, were considered. Reliability analysis showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87). Content validity was confirmed through expert review, and construct validity was established via principal component analysis, which revealed three distinct factors explaining 77.818% of the total variance. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure (0.794) and the determinant of the R-matrix (> 0.001) indicated sampling adequacy and the absence of multicollinearity. Inter-factorial correlations confirmed that the scale measures a unified construct of social resilience. Results demonstrated that while a high resilience score may indicate greater adaptive capacity, it should be interpreted alongside psychosocial variables such as social avoidance, emotional isolation, distress, and negative affectivity. Social resilience was found to play a crucial role in coping with chronic illness, influenced by factors such as social support, emotional regulation, positive beliefs, and problem-solving skills.

Criminological Analysis of Economic Crimes in Light of the Theory of Neutralization Techniques

2025-06-15T21:25:27+00:00

Economic crimes are among those offenses that, even in their simplest forms, challenge economic systems and, in the long run, hinder effective governance. Perpetrators of such crimes often possess distinctive characteristics such as exceptional intelligence, ingenuity, and astuteness. These traits, combined with the inherent complexities of economic crimes—such as their sophisticated nature, the lack of immediate tangible consequences, and the absence of a clearly identifiable victim—have rendered them a significant international concern. Given their characteristics, offenders may present various justifications during the commission of the crime, in their defense, or even post-trial. This study examines the criminological aspects of economic crimes through the lens of the Neutralization Techniques Theory, introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes in the 1960s. According to this theory, offenders acknowledge engaging in criminal and deviant behavior; however, they employ various justifications to rationalize their actions. These techniques include denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties—collectively known as neutralization techniques. While these techniques are not exhaustive, they can be expanded upon based on their fundamental principles. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of both offenders and economic crimes, it appears that these techniques can extend to the outright denial of the crime itself. Nevertheless, applying this theory to the analysis of economic crimes presents certain challenges, including difficulties in determining the exact timing of neutralization strategies, the neglect of external contributing factors, and a lack of comprehensive applicability. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and library-based data collection, this study aims to explore these aspects in greater depth.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Central Bank Monetary Policy in the Afghan Economy Using the ARDL Approach

2025-06-15T21:24:41+00:00

Monetary policy involves the utilization of specific monetary instruments by the central bank to achieve predetermined economic objectives, primarily through the control of money supply and credit volume. It serves as a critical tool for economists and policymakers to steer the economy towards a desired trajectory, fostering national growth and development. Economic growth, unemployment, and inflation represent the most salient indicators for evaluating the state of an economy, and the interrelationship between these variables remains a core area of economic inquiry. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of monetary policies implemented by Da Afghanistan Bank (the central bank of Afghanistan) within the Afghan economic context. Specifically, this study examines the impact of the inflation rate, a key indicator influenced by monetary policy, on economic growth. The analysis utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric methodology, covering the temporal scope of 1390-1399 SH (approximately March 2011 – March 2021). The empirical findings indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between the inflation rate indicator and economic growth (GDP). Precisely, a one percentage point increase in the inflation rate is associated with a 0.5126 percent reduction in economic growth. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that liquidity volume and money supply exert a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. In accordance with the study's findings, indicators exhibiting a positive effect contribute to the enhancement of economic growth in Afghanistan.

A Comparative Study of the Extradition of Criminals in Iranian and Afghan Legal Systems

2025-06-15T10:15:31+00:00

The criminals and crimes are no longer confined to nations' internal borders in this modern age. Criminals immediately flee from one country to another, disturbing human societies' security and order as well as stealing peace of mind. Unfortunately, this problem has come to gradually become a grave international issue, engaging all countries, due to the advancement in the transport industry and the ease with which criminals can be transported across countries. With the intention of instilling justice and justice in societies and with the intent to make offenders and criminals punishable—on the other hand, for not giving any protection to criminals in any state—states recognizing the importance of this matter, have worked increasingly on the issue of the need to extradite criminals as an element in tandem with other jurisprudence and judiciary matters. They seek to solve this issue by entering into bilateral or multilateral extradition agreements. For this, sensible individuals across the globe have agreed long ago that effective warfare against crime is only possible when all governments cooperate and assist one another and create channels to fight such forms of criminality as a group. Afghanistan and Iran, being two friendly and neighboring countries, signed an extradition treaty a long time ago and both have enacted some laws on extradition. In this article, based on a comparative analysis, an attempt has been made to discuss and analyze the terms and provisions of extradition of criminals in the legal systems of Afghanistan and Iran.

Judicial Determination of Punishment in Light of the Changing Status of Legal Persons in the Legal Systems of Afghanistan and Iran

2025-06-15T11:20:08+00:00

The judicial determination of punishment for legal persons in the legal systems of Afghanistan and Iran is a complex and multifaceted issue that, especially in the context of changes in the status of these entities, assumes new dimensions. Legal persons, as independent legal entities, bear responsibilities under the law and, in certain cases, may be subjected to punishments proportionate to their violations. This study analyzes the relationship between the changing status of legal persons and the imposition of punishments in the two legal systems of Afghanistan and Iran. Changes in the status of legal persons may include dissolution, bankruptcy, managerial restructuring, or transfer of ownership. Each of these changes can have significant implications for the legal responsibilities and punishments imposed on these entities. In the Iranian legal system, relevant laws and regulations provide specific frameworks for determining punishments; however, due to existing deficiencies, there is a need for review and reform. Similarly, the Afghan legal system faces comparable challenges, influenced by political developments and other contextual factors. This research adopts a comparative analytical method to examine the strengths and weaknesses of each system and offers recommendations for improving judicial and legislative practices in the area of sentencing legal persons. The findings of this study indicate that a lack of consistency and unified procedures in determining punishments can result in injustice and the infringement of stakeholders' rights. Ultimately, the author emphasizes the necessity of developing comprehensive and effective legal frameworks that can adequately address the impact of changes in the status of legal persons on judicial sentencing and safeguard the rights of both the public and individuals.

Situational Prevention of Judicial Misconduct in the Law on Oversight of Judicial Violations

2025-06-15T11:58:36+00:00

Judges hold a distinct social and judicial status in ensuring justice, a status that comes with both privileges and restrictions. This position also imposes responsibilities, prompting the Iranian legislator to implement various preventive measures across different legal frameworks to curb judicial misconduct. This study examines the techniques embedded in Iranian laws to prevent judicial violations and analyzes their application. Under Iranian law, judicial misconduct is not handled through ordinary procedures but is subject to special oversight. According to the Law on Oversight of Judicial Violations, a specialized court is designated to address judges’ misconduct. Additionally, official oversight is assigned to a special prosecutor under this law. Situational prevention, as a practical approach with observable outcomes, can play a significant role in reducing judicial misconduct. This research identifies the foundational rationale for situational prevention in judicial misconduct cases and highlights the most effective preventive techniques. These include; Techniques aimed at increasing the effort required to commit violations, such as continuous monitoring of judicial performance. Techniques that heighten the perceived risks associated with misconduct, such as criminalizing behaviors that undermine judicial integrity. Techniques that reduce the anticipated benefits of misconduct, including strict criminalization and eliminating potential gains from corrupt behavior. Techniques that remove justifications and excuses for violations, contributing to effective situational prevention. The primary legal framework examined in this study is the Law on Oversight of Judicial Violations, which extensively employs situational prevention strategies. Additionally, the Iranian Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure are considered to assess legal innovations and shortcomings while exploring situational crime prevention techniques.