International Journal of Social Science Research and Review

Image-Building through Humanitarian Diplomacy: The Case of Qatar

Abdullah Noor Mohammad Arbabi — 2026-09-03

In a globalized world, the countries are more inclined to build their images through employing the peaceful tools. One of core instruments that emerged in the last decades is humanitarian diplomacy, which is based on providing assistance and rescue operations and empowering societies. Qatar as ambitious country were employed its strategies to support the building of its image in the world through humanitarian intervention in the crises zones, as one of its active tools. This article is trying to go through the case of Qatar and how it’s developed its model in humanitarian diplomacy, the research will seek to present the main humanitarian entities and how they proceed under the vision of Qatar.

The Conditions for Successful Adoption of Equipment

Sophie Lefeez — 2026-09-03

Equipment only reveals its full effectiveness if it is properly mastered. In a military context, performance is a key objective, which is why it is important to understand the conditions for successful mastery. Through interviews with combatants focusing on a specific piece of equipment, the author highlights three elements: intensive practice leading to the incorporation of the object, believing in one’s equipment, and loving it. These conditions also facilitate alternative uses, thereby expanding the range of possibilities for using the artifact. Conversely, shortened training, excessive standardization and an equipment that leaves little room for the user’s creativity can restrict mastery. Finally, the culture in which the user is immersed can encourage or hinder diversion of uses, depending on the degree of conformity or passivity required of the combatants.

Academic Workload and Burnout Among High School Students

Guntaas Kaur — 2026-09-03

This study examined the relationships among smartphone use, sleep duration, academic stress, and self-reported focus and memory among high school students. A total of 100 students (ages 13–22; M = 16.4 years) completed an anonymous online survey assessing daily phone screen time, frequency of phone checking during study sessions, sleep habits, perceived academic pressure, and cognitive outcomes including concentration, retention, and task-switching ability. Descriptive and comparative analyses revealed that students using their phones for more than six hours per day reported substantially greater difficulty maintaining focus, higher rates of notification-related distraction, and lower confidence in academic retention. Students sleeping fewer than six hours per night demonstrated elevated procrastination tendencies and impaired stress management. Multilingual students reported slightly stronger perceived cognitive flexibility. Findings suggest that chronic smartphone exposure and sleep insufficiency represent compounding risk factors for academic burnout in adolescent learners. These results have implications for school-based digital wellness programs and parental guidance frameworks. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs and objective measures of attention to validate self-report findings.

AI Challenge Awareness and Proactive Innovation Behavior Among Employees in Smart Manufacturing:The Chain Mediation Effects of Harmonious Passion and Approach-Oriented Resources Crafting

Ping Wang — 2026-09-03

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become deeply integrated into the smart manufacturing sector, and fostering employees' proactive innovation behavior has become crucial for smart manufacturing enterprises to adapt to the changing times and enhance their core competitiveness. To reveal the formation mechanism of employees' proactive innovation behavior-from cognition to motivation and then to action-under the context of human-AI collaboration, this study, based on Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Resource Dependence Theory, explores the mechanism through which AI challenge awareness influences employees' proactive innovation behavior in the smart manufacturing sector and tests the chained mediating effects of harmonious passion and approach-oriented resource crafting. Through an analysis of survey data from 449 employees in the smart manufacturing sector, the results reveal a significant positive correlation between AI challenges awareness and employees' proactive innovation behavior; employees' harmonious passion and approach-oriented resource crafting play a chained mediating role between the perception of AI challenges and employees' proactive innovation behavior. The findings of this study provide new insights and practical management implications for managers seeking to foster proactive innovation behavior among employees in the smart manufacturing sector within the context of digital and intelligent transformation.

From Followers to Consumers: Parasocial Identification with International Football Athletes and Its Influence on Brand Credibility, Purchase Intention, and Brand Loyalty

Suryavir Singh Bhandari — 2026-09-03

Social media has revolutionized how athletes engage with their audience, providing a platform for direct interaction and fostering emotional connections. For example, if you take the case of football, Cristiano Ronaldo is able to communicate with people through social media, which can result in what is known as parasocial identification. This is a one-directional psychological relationship characterized by feelings of trust, attachment and intimacy towards the athlete. With the increasing significance of athlete endorsements and personal brands in modern marketing it is essential that the role of parasocial identification on consumer behaviour is understood. The literature review method is used to analyze the relationship between parasocial identification and the credibility of brands, the intention to buy and brand loyalty among football fans. Through the study's research on sports marketing, celebrity endorsements, consumer behaviour, and social media communication, the findings and results are compiled to provide insights into how consumers' emotional connections with sports stars influence their attitudes and behaviours. Based on the findings of the review, social media presence and athletes' personal disclosure is vital in fostering parasocial identification. The stronger the connection between fans and athletes, the more likely they are to see the athletes as more credible and authentic, thus increasing brand credibility. Furthermore, the fans' emotional attachment makes them more likely to develop positive attitudes toward the brands sponsored by such athletes, which enhances their purchase intent and brand loyalty. Results showed that parasocial identification is not only a key mechanism that athletes provide emotional value and trust to brands but also an essential element for effective marketing. Moreover, the review points out some gaps in current research, especially the lack of focus on football-specific scenarios and the impact of new technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual influencers. Future studies are needed to address these issues and advance knowledge of the development of parasocial identification in sports marketing.

When Custom Meets the State

Tiavina Ndimbisoa Andriamihamina — 2026-09-03

Contemporary legal systems increasingly face the challenge of accommodating customary norms within state legal frameworks. While state law serves as the primary source of legal authority, customary norms continue to regulate important aspects of social life in many communities. Indonesia and Madagascar provide particularly interesting examples because both countries acknowledge the existence of customary communities while adopting different approaches to their legal recognition. This article examines the place of customary law within the legal systems of Indonesia and Madagascar Comparative doctrinal legal research based on constitutional provisions, legislation and legal scholarship. It analyzes the legal foundations of customary law, the mechanisms through which customary communities are recognized, and the challenges that arise from the coexistence of state law and customary norms and argues that legal recognition alone is insufficient. Effective protection requires institutional mechanisms capable of balancing cultural diversity with the requirements of a modern legal system. The study finds that both countries recognize the importance of customary law, but differ in the degree of formal legal protection granted to customary communities. Indonesia has developed a more explicit constitutional framework, whereas Madagascar relies more heavily on the social legitimacy of customary institutions. Although both jurisdictions formally acknowledge customary law, Indonesia relies on explicit constitutional recognition, whereas Madagascar primarily depends on the continued social legitimacy of customary institutions

Impact of Dance Movement Styles on Audience Engagement in Short-Form Social Media Content: Evidence from Instagram

Kuhu Arora — 2026-09-03

Social media has grown rapidly in the last decade, transforming the way people consume digital content. Platforms such as Instagram and TikTok prioritise short and visually appealing media made to capture attention quickly. This research’s aim was to analyse the impact of different dance movement styles on audience engagement on Instagram. An experiment was conducted where three different videos (Jazz, ballet, and trend-based styles) were posted on the same account, and aired for 28 days. All the Instagram engagement metrics were later collected and compared to learn which video received the most interactions. The results showed that the jazz video received the highest number of views, likes, interactions, and reached the most accounts. It was accessed more by non-followers, which indicates strong reach and growth potential. On the other hand, the ballet video appealed to a smaller audience, with fewer views, shares, and saves. This suggests that skill-based content may not attract as broad an audience on platforms like Instagram, where viewers often prefer relatable and easily consumable content. Similarly, the trend-based video also received moderate views, indicating that although trends can increase visibility, their effectiveness may still depend on the timing, relevance, and how strongly they resonate with the target audience. Moreover, the results suggest that the Instagram algorithm and the order in which the videos were posted impacted the success of the jazz video, with the most recently posted content performing better. In conclusion, influencers, marketing firms, and other social media users should prioritise energetic, relatable styles to maximise reach and algorithmic promotion.

NUCLEAR TSUNAMI: MYTH OR REALITY?

Elmas Hasanovikj — 2026-09-03

The concept of a "nuclear tsunami" has been discussed in popular media, fiction, and military speculation for decades. It refers to the idea that a nuclear explosion, particularly underwater, could generate a tsunami capable of devastating coastal regions over great distances. This paper examines the physics of tsunami generation, the effects of underwater nuclear detonations, historical nuclear tests, and scientific modeling studies. The analysis shows that while underwater nuclear explosions can produce localized waves and severe damage near the blast site, they are not capable of reliably generating large, ocean-wide tsunamis comparable to those caused by major earthquakes. Consequently, the notion of a "nuclear tsunami" is largely a misconception when considered in the context of transoceanic tsunami hazards.

Meditation and Way of Life: Mantras and Texts from the Work of Rudolf Steiner, compiled by Malte Diekmann, Verlag am Michaelshof, 2026 (Book Review)

John Paull — 2026-09-03

The book ‘Meditation and Way of Life: Mantras and Texts from the Work of Rudolf Steiner’ is a new compilation offering a selection of the thoughts of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), the Austrian New Age guru who was the most prolific philosopher of the past century. The book is recommended as a taster for Steiner newbies, as a refresher for Steiner devotees, and as a gift for the curious. The book is 482 pages. Many of those pages present the German text on the right-hand page and an English translation on the left-hand page. This juxtapositioning invites an Anglo reader to apply their ‘Google Lens’ on their mobile phone (for example) to generate a fresh translation (which they may prefer). The book is not intended as a linear-read. It offers easy dip-and-dive access to the fertile field of Rudolf Steiner’s thoughts in handy dollops which range from mere two lines verses through to longer lecture-selections exceeding ten pages. This book is exceptional in being (i) a Rudolf Steiner book, (i) in English, and (iii) published in Germany.

Developing Strategies to Reduce School Dropout Among Pregnant Secondary School Girls in Zimbabwe: Evidence from Mbare, Harare.

Ketty Chirangwanda — 2026-09-03

School dropout among pregnant secondary school girls remains a significant educational and social concern in Zimbabwe despite policies supporting their continued participation in education. This study sought to develop contextually appropriate strategies for reducing school dropout among pregnant secondary school girls in Mbare, Harare. A qualitative research approach was adopted to explore participants’ experiences and perspectives. Thirty-seven participants were purposively selected, comprising 25 pregnant girls and young women aged 14–22 years, 6 teachers, and 6 social workers. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with the girls and key informant interviews with teachers and social workers. The data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that pregnancy-related stigma, discrimination, inadequate family support, financial hardship, caregiving responsibilities and inflexible school environments contributed to absenteeism and eventual withdrawal from school. Participants also reported limited psychosocial support, weak coordination among schools, families and social-service providers, and inconsistent implementation of policies protecting pregnant learners’ right to education. The study proposes an integrated strategy comprising school-based psychosocial support, family engagement, flexible learning arrangements, financial and material assistance, childcare support, anti-stigma programmes and coordinated case management involving teachers and social workers. It concludes that reducing dropout requires more than allowing pregnant learners to remain enrolled; it demands a supportive and responsive system that addresses their educational, psychosocial, economic and caregiving needs. The proposed strategies may guide schools, social workers and policymakers in strengthening educational continuity among pregnant learners in Zimbabwe.

Socio-Economic Challenges, Support Systems and Coping Strategies of Older Widowed Women in Rural Zimbabwe: Towards an Integrated Community Support Framework

Telson Anesu Chisosa — 2026-09-04

Older widowed women in rural Zimbabwe experience multiple and interconnected socio-economic challenges that threaten their wellbeing, dignity, and quality of life. Despite the existence of social protection policies and community support initiatives, many continue to face persistent poverty, food insecurity, limited access to healthcare, social isolation, and inadequate institutional support. This study explored the socio-economic challenges experienced by older widowed women in rural Zimbabwe, examined the formal and informal support systems available to them, and analyzed the coping strategies they employ to sustain their livelihoods. The study further proposes an Integrated Community Support Framework to strengthen coordinated responses to the needs of older widowed women in rural communities. Guided by Ecological Systems Theory, the study adopted a qualitative case study design within an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions involving older widowed women and relevant community stakeholders in Chiwarira Village, Nyanga North District. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that participants experienced severe socio-economic challenges, including financial insecurity, food shortages, poor access to healthcare, social exclusion, and increased caregiving responsibilities. Existing support systems were fragmented, inconsistent, and often inadequate to meet participants' long-term needs. In response, older widowed women adopted diverse coping strategies, including subsistence farming, informal income-generating activities, religious participation, and mutual aid initiatives. These findings informed the development of an ICS Framework, which emphasizes coordinated institutional support, strengthened community participation, sustainable livelihoods, and responsive social protection.

Environmental Awareness of the Government College Students in Dhaka City: Sources, Demographic Influences and Pathways for Improvement towards Achieving SDGs

Md. Eftekhan Mahmud Asik — 2026-09-04

Students’ sustainability and environmental understanding helps address global environmental challenges. This study examines the environmental awareness of government college students in Dhaka city by exploring sources of environmental knowledge, analyzing links with demographic traits, and identifying pathways to achieve the SDGs. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire from 382 students across three Government Colleges. Stratified random sampling ensured proportional representation by institution, discipline, and gender, while colleges were purposively selected based on coeducation, large student populations, disciplinary diversity, and strategic location. Findings show students possess positive attitudes and moderate to high environmental knowledge; however, this knowledge remains largely theoretical with limited real-life application. While, low participation in environmental issues reflects structural and institutional barriers rather than indifference. Concurrently, students are influenced more by formal education and mainstream media than by peer, community, or student-led engagement. Furthermore, The demographic uniformity suggests the influence of a centralized education system. Bridging the awareness–action gap requires an institution-wide, immersive, interdisciplinary sustainability approach integrating curriculum, campus life, and participatory learning.

Digital Administrative Communications Outside Official Working Hours and Job Burnout: The Mediating Role of Techno-Stress and the Moderating Role of Organizational Support

Ahmed Hadi Obaied — 2026-09-04

The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of the employees of Al-Musayyib Technical Institute/Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University on the effect of digital administrative communications outside working hours towards job burnout and the mediation role of technology stress variables and the moderating role of organizational support. Data collection was done by descriptive-analytical method with a total sample of 88 subjects. Linear regression and Process Macro analysis were conducted to analyze the data. Results indicated that the variables of digital administrative communications outside working hours and technology stress had a significant positive effect on the variable of job burnout, while technology stress had a positive effect on job burnout. The results also indicated that technology stress partially mediated the association between digital administrative communications outside of working hours and job burnout, but that organizational support did not moderate this relationship. The study suggests implementing organizational policies to reduce digital communications after work, increase organizational support, and decrease stressors of technology to reduce job burnout.

Analysis of Economic Activity Distribution Using an Environmental Approach in the City of Bandar Lampung

Dedy Miswar — 2026-09-04

The development of economic activities in urban areas demonstrates highly rapid dynamics, particularly in developing cities such as Bandar Lampung. The growth of the trade, service, industrial, and micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) sectors has led to changes in land-use patterns and increased pressure on the environment. The unplanned distribution of economic activities may generate various environmental problems, such as pollution, traffic congestion, land degradation, and unequal development among regions. Therefore, a study integrating economic and environmental aspects is required to understand the distribution patterns of economic activities and their impacts on environmental conditions. An environmental approach is essential to ensure that economic activities are oriented not only toward growth but also toward sustainability. The results of this study consist of a spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and an environmental approach regarding the suitability of modern market locations in relation to traditional markets in Bandar Lampung. The conclusion of the study shows that the buffer analysis with a radius of 250 meters indicates that, out of a total of 330 recorded modern markets, 292 units (88.5%) comply with the provisions stipulated in the Regional Regulation of Bandar Lampung City Number 3 of 2022. Meanwhile, 38 units (11.5%) do not comply with the regulation because they are located within a distance of less than 250 meters from traditional markets.

Explaining the Persistence of North Korea’s Missile Strategy

Seri Yoon — 2026-09-04

North Korea’s investment in nuclear and missile capabilities despite sanctions and diplomacy presents a puzzle in international relations. This research note compares seven perspectives—Realism, Neorealism, Liberalism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, International Political Economy, the English School, and Constructivism—to examine North Korea’s missile behavior and responses. The comparison shows that persistence cannot be explained by security incentives alone. Material and structural conditions establish incentives for military development; institutions and economic networks mediate external pressure; and identities and norms shape its political interpretation. Realism and Neorealism best explain strategic pressures, while Liberalism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and IPE clarify the limits of sanctions and diplomatic cooperation. The English School and Constructivism illuminate how sovereignty, international order, and political identity give military capabilities broader meaning. The note argues that these perspectives are most useful when treated as analytically distinct. Their comparison shows how security incentives, institutional constraints, and political meanings sustain North Korea’s missile strategy.

LEGAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION NUMBER 49/PUU-X/2012 ON THE POSITION OF NOTARY

Maryati Maryati — 2026-09-04

The Constitutional Court Decision Number 49/PUU-X/2012, which annulled Article 66, paragraph (1), of Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary, was a turning point in the supervision and protection system for the notary profession in Indonesia. This study aims to determine and analyze the legal and sociological implications of Constitutional Court Decision Number 49/PUU-X/2012 regarding the position of notaries and the form of legal protection that should be provided to notaries after the decision. The research method used is socio-legal. The results of the study reveal two things: First, the Constitutional Court decision has legal and sociological implications. Juridically, the Constitutional Court's decision has implications for the possibility of notaries providing information that has implications for violating the principle of client confidentiality, changing the legal relationship between notaries and clients which was originally a private relationship into a public legal relationship, the notary's rights and obligations to disobey are void if the law orders the notary to reveal secrets and provide information to the requesting party such as investigators, prosecutors or judges, and the notary's rights to guarantee a fair examination process are likely to be violated by the Constitutional Court's decision. Sociologically, the decision means the public no longer trusts notaries if the contents of the deeds they make, which should be confidential, are revealed by the notary by law in the interests of investigation and/or examination in court, and the client will sue the notary for revealing their secrets. Second, the forms of legal protection provided to notaries following the Constitutional Court ruling include the obligation for law enforcement to request information from senior notaries who are members of the Notary Honorary Council (Majelis Kehormatan Notaris or MKN) for notarial examinations, both for investigative purposes and for court hearings. The client's right to privacy (the right to rebuttal) must remain protected throughout the examination process, and legal sanctions are imposed on law enforcement officials who violate the principle of client confidentiality inherent in notaries' roles and functions.

Impact of Generative AI on Freelance and Professional Artists: An Empirical Study

Coraline Zoi Visco — 2026-09-04

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is changing the way digital art is created and shared. It provides new opportunities for faster content creation but it also creates concerns about artists careers and creative ownership. This study examined how freelance and professional artists perceive the growing use of GenAI in the creative industry. A descriptive quantitative research design was used. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, and 80 valid responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings show that most participants were familiar with GenAI and understood how these tools work. While many respondents reported that AI had not yet affected their work, nearly one-third experienced a decline in client opportunities. Most artists were concerned that AI models are trained on copyrighted artwork without permission. They also believed that artists should be compensated when their work is used for AI training. Respondents expected freelance artists to face greater challenges in the coming years because of increasing competition from AI-generated content. At the same time, they felt that human creativity, originality, and emotional expression remain difficult to replace. The study concludes that AI should be used as a supporting tool rather than a substitute for artists. Clear copyright policies and fair practices are needed to protect creative professionals while encouraging responsible use of AI.

Asymmetric Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Consumer Prices in Afghanistan

Ali Sina Basir — 2026-09-04

This study examines asymmetric exchange rate pass-through to consumer prices in Afghanistan over the period 2007–2025. It aims to measure and compare the short-run and long-run effects of depreciation and appreciation of the Afghan afghani against the U.S. dollar on the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The central research question is whether depreciation and appreciation of the afghani have exerted asymmetric effects on consumer prices in Afghanistan over the short and long run. The analysis employs 228 monthly observations and a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The exchange rate is expressed as Afghanis per U.S. dollar (AFN per USD), and its positive and negative changes are decomposed separately. The model also controls for the global food price index, oil prices, a post-August 2021 dummy variable, and seasonal effects. The Pesaran–Shin–Smith bounds test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship. In the baseline model, a 1% depreciation of the afghani is associated with an approximately 0.72% increase in consumer prices in the long run, whereas a 1% appreciation is associated with an approximately 0.37% decrease. The Wald test indicates that the difference between these effects is statistically significant. The direction of this long-run asymmetry is preserved across all major specifications; however, the difference is not statistically significant at the 5% level in the linear-trend specification or in the post-April 2015 subsample. Evidence of short-run asymmetry is less consistent and remains sensitive to the definition of the exchange rate series, the sample period, and the variance estimator. The global food price index also has a positive and statistically significant long-run effect on consumer prices. These findings underscore the importance of limiting excessive exchange rate volatility and addressing Afghanistan’s vulnerability to global food price shocks.

Achieving Originality and Conviction in a Doctoral Thesis: A Synoptic Theory of the Five-Chapter Model

Augustine Nwoye — 2026-09-04

After several years of serving as external examiner for many universities in Africa and the wider world, I came to realize that many doctoral students and their supervisors are not often aware of the five-chapter thesis structure articulated by the American Psychological Association (APA) in its 2019 guidelines for academic thesis writing. Those who are aware of and follow such a structure clearly abide by the APA’s formulation that a full academic thesis report, whether at a master’s or doctoral level, should be constituted of no more than five chapters. Unfortunately, my many years of experience as external examiner for doctoral thesis in several universities in the South and other regions of Africa has shown that in universities where this norm is unknown and not followed, there is no order for guiding the doctoral students on what to do regarding how to structure their doctoral thesis chapters and how many chapters in all they should be. In that case, with the absence of such a guiding principle some students and their supervisors have at times been tempted to go overboard and submit a doctoral thesis that range from eight to more chapters in all. The principal inspiration for this article is to demonstrate for doctoral students and their emerging new supervisors how the five-chapter thesis structure model for academic thesis writing could be implemented in practice.

The Case for Mandating Digitisation of Health Records: Evidence from a Prototype Risk Score

Agastya Bhandari — 2026-09-04

India lacks a standardised, individual-level health risk metric equivalent to the CIBIL credit score, leaving insurers to price risk largely on self-declaration and occasional point-in-time screening. This paper constructs a prototype health risk score for the Indian market — as a diagnostic exercise rather than a commercial product — to identify the data gap and quantify the cost of the data gap. We compare a Full Clinical Model incorporating laboratory biomarkers against a Restricted Predictor Model without them; the clinical model achieves a PR-AUC 33% higher, with six of the ten most predictive variables originating from laboratory results. Yet in practice fewer than 5% of policyholders undergo screening at underwriting, and existing medical records remain largely un-digitised and fragmented. We argue that this data deficit sustains a self-reinforcing "Market-Failure Feedback Loop": pervasive information asymmetry prevents refined risk pricing, forces an implicit cross-subsidy from healthy to less-healthy policyholders, suppresses low-risk participation, and surfaces as claim denials that deepen a public trust deficit and entrench under-penetration. Drawing on the precedent of credit bureaus in Indian lending, the paper contends that closing this gap requires a government mandate for standardised health-data reporting. It further examines the central risk such a mandate creates — exclusion of high-risk individuals — and outlines protections (risk pooling, policy design, constrained use, and universal-coverage backstops) intended to ensure that fuller disclosure leads to fair pricing rather than denial of coverage.

Between Forest and Laboratory: Knowledge, Practice, and Identity Among Traditional Medicine Practitioners in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Kah Evans Ngha — 2026-09-09

Contextually, traditional medicine remains a primary healthcare resource for a significant proportion of the Cameroonian population. Despite growing pharmacological interest in medicinal plants, the practitioners who constitute the human backbone of this system herbalists, traditional healers, phytotherapists, and naturopaths remain understudied in their socio-cultural context, their knowledge systems, and their relationship to biomedical practice. The objective of this study was to explore the ethnopharmacological knowledge, preparation techniques, cultural transmission mechanisms, and identity of five traditional medicine practitioners in Yaoundé, Cameroon, with a view to understanding complementarities and tensions between traditional and biomedical systems. As far as the Methods are concerned, this qualitative study employed semi-structured in-depth interviews with five purposively selected informants: a phytotherapist-nutritionist, a traditional healer (tradipraticienne), two herbalists from the Mvog-Bi market, and a naturopath. Interviews were conducted in Yaoundé between January and March 2026 and analysed thematically through an ethnomedical lens. Results show that five thematic domains emerged: (1) raw material sourcing and plant identification; (2) preparation and transformation processes; (3) formulation and dosage; (4) cultural transmission and spiritual dimensions; and (5) challenges and prospects for integration with modern pharmacy. Practitioners shared empirical pharmacovigilance logic, intergenerational oral transmission, and polypharmaceutical formulation. Key divergences were found in standardisation practices, spiritual engagement, and institutional recognition. In Conclusion, traditional medicine in Yaoundé constitutes a coherent, adaptive, and culturally embedded therapeutic system. Equitable collaboration between traditional practitioners and biomedical institutions grounded in mutual respect, quality standardisation, and intellectual property recognition holds significant potential for improving healthcare access and preserving phytotherapeutic heritage in Central Africa.